If Susan finds a pointer de-reference that returns NULL in the source code of an application, and the program tries to read from this NULL pointer, resulting in a segmentation fault, what consequences could this have on the application?

A segmentation fault will typically stop the program from running. This type of issue is why a NULL pointer or other pointers de-referencing error is considered a potential security issue, as a denial-of-service condition impacts the availability of the service. This type of error is unlikely to contribute to a data breach or allow privilege escalation, and permissions creep occurs as individuals accrue more permissions over time in a single organization as their permissions are not cleaned up when they switch positions or roles.