Which of the following is NOT a common occurrence with smartcard-based authentication systems?

Smartcards can support modern cryptographic algorithms, meaning weak security because a smartcard’s limitations on encryption are not a common issue. Smartcard readers and maintenance add additional expense, and user experiences are limited by the need to have the card in hand and insert it or present it to a reader either during authentication or for entire sessions. Smartcards typically have a PIN or password, meaning that they are used for single-factor, not multi-factor, authentication.