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Question:
A nurse is present when a physician speaks with a patient about an upcoming invasive diagnostic procedure. The physician describes the procedure in detail and discusses all possible alternative procedures and treatments and what the potential ramifications are if the patient decides not to have the procedure. The nurse knows that the patient cannot give informed consent based on this discussion because the physician forgot to include which of these?
A
the risks and benefits of the procedure (including death)
explanation
Informed consent requires four elements. In addition to the three listed in the question, the patient must also be told the risks and benefits of the procedure including the risk of death (when applicable). The opportunity to answer question is usually part of the discussion but not mandatory for informed consent. The cost of the procedure or a referral for a second opinion are incorrect.
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